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Discussion,on,the,Method,of,Land,Quality,Geochemical,Evaluation,Database:,A,Case,Study,of,Diao,Town,and,Xinzhai,Town,of,Zhangqiu,City

|来源:网友投稿

Qing CAI

Abstract The land quality geochemical evaluation database was mainly based on soil geochemical surveys. During its construction process, geochemical survey data involving atmospheric dry (wet) sediments, irrigation water, fertilizers and crops was simultaneously collected, analyzed and compiled into result maps using MAPGIS. ACCESS was used to manage standardized result data to establish an evaluation database. The database included a basic spatial database involving regional geography, topography, soil type and land use, a spatial evaluation database centered on the sampling layout of the work areas of soil, irrigation water, crops and other media, the distribution and changes of soil chemical elements, the classification of soil pollution and the classification of soil element environment and nutrients, and an evaluation database of various result maps such as land planning map, characteristic agricultural product planting plan suggestion map and fertilization suggestion map. The database realized the scientific and effective management of the samples and corresponding numerous laboratory analysis data, and provides basic information for the geochemical survey and evaluation of the land quality in the evaluation areas and the overall comprehensive research, and an important basis for promoting the adjustment of agricultural economic planning, the development of modern green agriculture and the development and utilization of high-quality characteristic land resources.

Key words Land quality; Geochemical evaluation; Database; Zhangqiu City

Received: December 4, 2020  Accepted: February 19, 2021

Supported Sub-project of "Land Quality Geochemical Survey of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Lugeng Area" Project of Tianjin Geological Survey Center of China Geological Survey (DD20160325-03).

Qing CAI (1979-), female, P. R. China, devoted to research about construction of geochemical survey database.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: 278142341@qq.com.

Geochemical evaluation of land quality refers to the evaluation of geochemical grades of land quality based on the degree of effects of the distribution and migration characteristics of beneficial or toxic, harmful elements that affect soil quality on the status quo of land quality, combining with comprehensive geochemical indicators such as geological background, soil environment, water environment, and atmospheric environment[1]. Carrying out geochemical survey and evaluation of land quality can further understand the geochemical characteristics of the soil, the distribution of soil beneficial element resources, and the suitable planting and the quality and safety status of crops and characteristic agricultural products. In recent years, land quality geochemical survey and evaluation have achieved many results in grasping the status of land quality, protecting land resources, controlling over-exploitation of land, and realizing sustainable land use[2].

The multi-purpose geochemical surveys and agricultural ecological geochemical surveys carried out in Shandong Province in the past have achieved a lot of results[3-10]. On this basis, a 1∶50 000 geochemical survey of land quality in Diao Town and Xinzhai Town of Zhangqiu City was carried out to provide important information for the planning and adjustment of agricultural planting economy, the development of modern green agriculture, and the development and utilization of characteristic land resources in the area. At present, the accuracy and reliability of geochemical evaluation of land quality are unprecedented[11-12].

The building of the land quality geochemical survey and evaluation database was to systematically and comprehensively collect and organize the original data, process data and evaluation result data obtained in surveys and other data at different stages, and digitize and standardize the data using the Land Quality Geochemical Survey and Evaluation Data Entry Subsystem issued by the Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, thereby realizing the unified storage, management, analysis and use of multi-source, heterogeneous, and massive data[13].

Main Work Content and Goals

According to the requirements of the project, in accordance with the content of Specification of land quality geochemical assessment DZ/T0295-2016, on the basis of fully analyzing the geological background, element geochemical composition, distribution and distribution characteristics of the evaluation area and the data obtained in the past multi-objective geochemical survey work, a 1∶50 000 geochemical survey and evaluation of land quality in Diao Town and Xinzhai Town of Zhangqiu City was carried out. Based on the soil, atmospheric dry (wet) sedimentation, crops, irrigation water and other data and related data obtained in the evaluation process, combined with relevant soil type, land use type, basic geography, basic geology and other background information, a database was built comprehensively through geochemical data processing, analysis and evaluation results.

The survey data and analysis data were all input in the format of Access, and the actual material maps, geochemical maps, evaluation maps and related basic maps were all stored in the format of MapGIS. The projection parameters of the dataset were: "Beijing 54 coordinate system", Gauss-Krüger 6-degree zone projection, central meridian of 117°, and elevation using "1985 National Elevation Datum".

Technical Process

The geochemical evaluation of land quality in Diao Town and Xinzhai Town involved a variety of research media. The principles of sample layout, sampling methods, sample storage and transportation, sample delivery principles, index analysis and quality monitoring and other technical requirements were all in accordance with or referred to Specification of land quality geochemical assessment (DZ/T 0295-2016), Specification of Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey (1∶250 000) (DZ/T 0258-2014), Determination of Regional Ecogeochemistry Assessment (DZ/ T 0289-2015) and Technical Requirements for Analysis of Ecological Geochemical Evaluation Samples (Trial) (DD2005-03). Before building the database, whether the received survey data and analysis data meet the storage standards was checked according to the above-mentioned specifications and technical requirements.

The building of the database involved obtaining a large amount of sampling and analysis data during the implementation of the project. The first was the sampling point location information. The database building content was to analyze and sort out the description information of various samples including the sampling point distribution, attribute data, field sampling records, GPS positioning, sampling type, sampling quantity and relevant sample characteristics, and input it into the sampling point location information table according to  Specification for construction of land quality geochemical survey and evaluation database DD2018XX, create a dataset and generate the corresponding sampling point location map. The second was the information related to the sample analysis data. The database building content was directed to laboratory analysis data such as analysis of all elements, elements in available states and elements in different states. After standardization, it was imported into the analysis data table as the analysis and evaluation data basis for drawing geochemical result maps. According to different sampling media, the batch information and data of the samples sent were imported into corresponding data tables. The data quality was controlled according to repeated samples, standard samples and first-level standard samples. Finally, based on the land quality geochemical survey, guided by the land quality geochemical theory[14], comprehensive analysis and study of the data were carried out. With MapGIS and Access as the basic information platforms, according to the process in Land Quality Geochemical Survey and Evaluation Data Entry Subsystem, the evaluation data, original maps, result maps, metadata, reports and other documents were summarized, and the database result was finally submitted. The database building process is shown in Fig. 1.

Database Building

Field survey data collection and sorting

Field survey data collection was the basis and key to building the database. To ensure the reliability of the data, whether there was any redundancy, duplication or omission in the recorded field data, whether the data items and data description were reasonable, whether the coordinates of the sampling points were accurate were checked to control the accuracy of the input data. If the relevant descriptions of different medium sampling points do not meet the requirements of the standards, the textual content should be corrected within the corresponding range of values to ensure that the field sampling data collection meets the standards.

Sampling records used standardized soil sampling record cards, and the various characteristics of samples and the characteristics of the surrounding environment at the sampling points were recorded with concise text. The contents read out based on topographic maps, geological maps and soil types must also be completed on the same day indoors. The field records used a geological record book, including soil color, soil lithology, texture, environmental conditions near the sampling points (including crop names, topography, landform, etc.), and the main substance, color, dryness, and general percentage content of the uncollected coarse debris were remarked.

The input was based on the original record cards, and each item of data in the field record cards was input into the database. The field sampling records to be input into the database must undergo three levels of quality inspection, self-inspection, mutual inspection and random inspection, and the problems and solutions found synchronously were recorded to control the quality of the input data. In addition to the manual checking of the consistency of the input sampling information with the field sampling record cards, the MapGIS software could also be used for machine inspection to form a sampling point location map for inspection and correction[15].

Laboratory analysis data collection and sorting

The geochemical analysis data table mainly organized and standardized the laboratory analysis result data of different sampling media. According to different sampling media and different analysis items in the standard specifications, the analysis results were organized to standardized data item names and structures, and the analysis result data content was input into standard structure tables. If there are redundant important analysis data tables or data items, corresponding data tables or data items can be added according to the naming requirements in this standard.

Samples of area soil, crop samples and corresponding root soil, atmospheric dry and wet sediments, irrigation water, chemical fertilizers and other samples obtained from the investigation were sent to the laboratory for analysis. According to the "specification" and "technical requirements", the analysis of items such as the total amount of elements, soil available state, and soil morphology was carried out. After receiving the analysis report data, the analysis data was systematically sorted, linked with the sampling point coordinates, environment and other information, and used to compile relevant basic geochemical maps and evaluation application maps.

Evaluation index data collection and sorting

The evaluation index data refer to the indexes and grading standards used for evaluation of different medium determined by units during the process of land quality evaluation geochemical survey, including soil nutrients, soil environment, irrigation water environment, atmospheric dry and wet deposition environment, crops safety and other medium geochemical evaluation indicators. The main data items include indicator type, maximum applicable scale, indicator name, representative grade, content range and indicator unit. Table 1 shows the nutrient grading standards for land quality evaluation in Shandong Province.

Evaluation result data generation and sorting

The evaluation unit is the smallest unit of the geochemical grading of land quality[16]. For Diao Town and Xinzhai Town of Zhangqiu City, the smallest plot (pattern spot) on the current land use map was used as the evaluation unit to analyze, assign and evaluate element content and attribute data. Soil nutrient and environmental evaluation maps were used comprehensively to evaluate the soil quality level in a work area. On this basis, comprehensively superimposing the atmospheric environment, water environment, etc., a land quality geochemical grade map was compiled (Fig. 2) to evaluate the land quality in work areas.

The system supported two original data table formats, Excel table and Access table. The content of the created data table included three levels of classification. The first-level classification was divided into five categories: basic background data (JC), survey analysis data (DC), laboratory quality monitoring information (QT), evaluation index data (ZB), and evaluation result data (PJ). The second-level classification was mainly to distinguish different sampling media, such as soil, root soil, irrigation water and crops. The three-level classification was to select the basic information data table of the original background and the result data table of the survey and evaluation. According to different media such as soil, crops, and irrigation water, the data structure was divided into details. Through the data table naming rules, we can quickly determine the data content of a table (Table 2). After collating the data tables generated in the actual production process, the same fields were matched and imported into the standard framework table to complete the standardization of the data.

In the subsystem import module, various data table templates could be exported, which included format contents such as all the field names, sequence and field size of the data tables and whether they must be filled, in the specification requirements. Required fields and optional fields were marked with different colors, and the database builders could clearly determine whether the fields can be empty, so as to ensure the integrity of the data. Starting from the initial data, it was organized in strict accordance with the data standards. When the final data was imported, it could greatly reduce errors, improve efficiency, and complete the standardized import of data faster.

When the original data did not meet the requirements of the data specification, it could not be imported successfully. During the import process, the system prompted the error cause information, which was convenient for the building staff to find the cause of the error as soon as possible and modify it according to the prompts. Different media and different types of data all could be found in the standard frame table. The process of data import was also a process of data checking, and only when the data item requirements were fully met, could it be successfully imported, which guaranteed the accuracy and data quality of the input data (Fig. 3).

Data browsing and checking

After the data table was imported, all different types of data tables were stored in the data project list. According to standard naming rules, we could quickly find the data table to be used. Both the original data tables and the data tables imported into the standard base could be browsed and checked (Fig. 4).

Other information collation

The metadata collector (ACCESS) V1.2 was used to create the metadata database, with the work area as the unit, adopting XML format. The explanatory documents in the process of compiling the database were all in word file format. The quality inspection records, self-inspection, group mutual inspection and sampling inspection forms were carefully filled in, and the work report was compiled. Data tables, original maps, results maps, meta-databases, reports and quality monitoring documents constituted a complete land quality geochemical evaluation result database.

Conclusions

The evaluation results provide basic data for the rational use of land resources and the construction of a digital management platform in the future[17].

Based on the investigation data, a basic spatial database including regional geology, topography, soil type and land use was built; a spatial evaluation database centered on the sampling layout of the work areas of soil, irrigation water, crops and other media, the distribution and changes of soil chemical elements, the classification of soil pollution and the classification of soil element environment and nutrients were built; and an evaluation database of various result maps such as land planning map, characteristic agricultural product planting plan suggestion map and fertilization suggestion map was completed. It realized the scientific and effective management of the samples and corresponding numerous laboratory analysis data, facilitated the extraction and application, made the expression of the results standardized and scientific, and provides basic data for the geochemical survey and evaluation of the land quality in the evaluation areas and the overall comprehensive research.

References

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[2] QIU CG. Geochemical characteristics of soil and present condition of land quality in Chengwu County of Shandong Province[J]. Shangdong Land and Resources, 2016, 32(9): 38-45. (in Chinese)

[3] PANG XG, ZHANG F, WANG HJ, et al. Residual of organochlorine pesticides and distribution features of soils in the southwest area of Shandong Province, China[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 2009, 28(5): 667-670. (in Chinese)

[4] PANG XG, WANG XM, DAI JR, et al. Geochemical characteristics and pollution sources identification of the atmospheric dust-fall in Jinan City[J]. The Geology of China, 2014, 41(1): 285-293. (in Chinese)

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